Perkembangan Drone Tempur dan Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia di Timur Tengah dan Ukraina

Aufa Rabbi Fudhali

Abstract

The development of drone technology is utilized by various parties with various backgrounds, including the defense sector and international security sectors. Unmanned combat aerial vehicles or combat drones are considered to be pioneers in contemporary warfare. Apart from civilian needs, drones in the world of defense and intelligence are often used for combat missions with the aim of eliminating targets, including killing non-combatants. This can be defined as the process of violating human rights, according to international humanitarian law. The use of drones often causes collateral damage that results in casualties, which according to Allison Brysk can be called a violation of security rights. This paper with qualitative research and literature study aims to answer the research questions regarding the development of unmanned aircraft for combat missions and allegations of human rights violations. With conducting in-depth research, it is argued that the use of drones for combat missions continues to occur and there are more and more variants and users, apart from state actors there are also non-state actors, although limited. It concludes, such a missions in Ukraine and in Middle East are often successful, but there is collateral damage that affected civilian casualties and civilian infrastructure.

Abstrak
Perkembangan teknologi drone dimanfaatkan oleh berbagai pihak dengan berbagai latar belakang, termasuk sektor pertahanan dan keamanan internasional. Pesawat tempur nirawak atau combat drone dianggap telah menjadi pelopor dalam peperangan kekinian. Di samping untuk kebutuhan sipil, drone di dunia pertahanan dan intelijen penggunaannya seringkali ditujukan untuk misi tempur dengan tujuan mengeliminasi sasaran, termasuk membunuh. Hal ini dapat didefinisikan sebagai proses dari pelanggaran hak asasi manusia (HAM) menurut international humanitarian law apabila menyerang sesuatu yang bukan semestinya, seperti rakyat sipil. Penggunaan drone untuk tempur seringkali menimbulkan collateral damage yang merenggut korban jiwa, yang menurut Allison Brysk bisa disebut sebagai pelanggaran security rights. Tulisan ini memiliki metode penelitian kualitatif dengan studi literatur, hal ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian mengenai bagaimana perkembangan dari pesawat nirawak untuk misi tempur serta dugaan dalam pelanggaran hak asasi manusia. Dengan studi kualitatif melakukan penelitian secara mendalam, berargumentasi bahwasannya riset dan penggunaan drone untuk misi tempur terus terjadi dan semakin banyak variannya serta penggunanya, selain aktor negara juga terdapat aktor non-negara meskipun terbatas. Penelitian ini berkesimpulan bahwa misi pesawat nirawak di Ukraina dan di Timur Tengah seringkali mengalami keberhasilan dalam pelaksanaannya, namun tidak jarang terdapat collateral damage yang menimbulkan korban jiwa dari warga sipil atau kerusakan infrastruktur sipil.

Keywords

drone tempur; hak asasi manusia; Timur Tengah dan Ukraina

Full Text:

PDF

References

Aljazeera. (2019). France’s first drone strike kills seven fighters in Mali. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/24/frances-first-drone-strike-kills-seven-fighters-in-mali

Ayamga, M., Tekinerdogan, B., & Kassahun, A. (2021). Exploring the challenges posed by regulations for the use of drones in agriculture in the African context. Land, 10(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10020164

Baykar Defence, B. (2015). Bayraktar TB2 (Issue November, pp. 18–21). https://www.baykartech.com/en/uav/bayraktar-tb2/

B.B.C. (2022). Ukraine war: US says Iranian drones breach sanctions. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63294698

Berg, S. van den. (2022). Explainer: When are attacks on civilian infrastructure war crimes?" Reuters [Daring. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/when-are-attacks-civilian-infrastructure-war-crimes-2022-12-16/

Borsari, F. (2022). No loitering: What Russia’s Iranian drones could mean for Ukraine – European Council on Foreign Relations. European Counci on Foreign Relations. https://ecfr.eu/article/no-loitering-what-russias-iranian-drones-could-mean-for-ukraine/

Brooks, R. (2014). Drones and the international rule of law. In Ethics and International Affairs (Vol. 28, Issue 1). Georgetown University Law Center. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679414000070

Brysk, A. (2002). Globalization and Human Rights. University California Press.

Byman, D. (2013). Why drones work: The case for Washington’s weapon of choice. Foreign Affairs, 92(4), 32–43.

Chávez, K., & Swed, D. O. (2020). Off the Shelf: The Violent Nonstate Actor Drone Threat. Air & Space Power Journal, 34(3), 29.

Coyne, C. J. (2018). Introduction: Symposium on Drones. The Independent Review, 23(1), 5–7. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26591795

Dalamagkidis, K., Valavanis, K. P., & Piegl, L. A. (2009). On Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems into the National Airspace System: Issues, Challenges, Operational Restrictions, Certification, and Recommendations (Vol. 54). Springer Science & Business Media.

Dass, R. (2022). Drones: Militant Game Changer in the Middle East? Thedefensepost.Om. https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/03/24/drones-militants-middle-east/

Djamba, Y. K., & Neuman, W. L. (2002). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. In Teaching Sociology (Vol. 30, Issue 3). Pearson Education Limited. https://doi.org/10.2307/3211488

Dowd, A. W. (2013). Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings. The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters, 43(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.55540/0031-1723.3016

Edwards, L., Gibson, M., & Mccarthy, D. (2016). The Impact of New Technologies on the Special Operations Approval Process. Harvard Kennedy School. www.hks.harvard.edu/mrcbg

Egozi, A. (2016). Loitering Weapon Systems – A Growing Demand. In iHLS. https://i-hls.com/archives/73521%0Ai-hls.com/archives/73521

Emmerson, B. (2014). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism. United Nations, RC/25/59, 1–24.

Forsythe, D. P. (2007). The International Committee of the Red Cross. In The International Committee of the Red Cross. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203480212

Hambling, D. (2022). How Drones Are Making Ukrainian Artillery Lethally Accurate. Forbes. https://tinyurl.com/5n77ska2

Hussain, N. (2021). Enter the new IED: Improvised Explosive Drone. T-Magazine. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2311111/enter-the-new-ied-improvised-explosive-drone

Imran, M., Nordin, R., & Muhamad, M. M. (2018). United States’ unlawful drone strikes and damages caused to humanity: A case study of Pakistan. In UUM Journal of Legal Studies (Vol. 9, pp. 115–151). https://doi.org/10.32890/uumjls.9.2018.9107

Kunertova, D. (2023). The war in Ukraine shows the game-changing effect of drones depends on the game. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 79(2), 95–102.

Lowther, A., & Siddiki, K. (2022). Combat Drones in Ukraine. Air & Space Operations Review, 1(4), 3–13. www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/ASOR/Journals/Volume-1_Number-4/Lowther.pdf

Mahajan, G. (2021). Applications of Drone Technology in Construction Industry: A Study 2012-2021. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 11(1), 224–239. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.a3165.1011121

McLean, W. (2014). Drones are cheap, soldiers are not: a cost-benefit analysis of war. In The Conversation US, Inc. (Issue January 2014, p. 1). http://theconversation.com/drones-are-cheap-soldiers-are-not-a-cost-benefit-analysis-of-war-27924

Mcleary, P., & Banco, E. (2022). Ukraine used home-modified drones to strike Russian bases. Politico Pulse Check [Daring]. Tersedia Dalam. https://www.politico.com/news/2022/12/07/ukraine-used-home-modified-drones-to-strike-russian-bases-00072936

Nugroho, G., Taha, Z., Nugraha, T. S., & Hadsanggeni, H. (2015). Development of a Fixed Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for Disaster Area Monitoring and Mapping. Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology, 6(2), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.14203/j.mev.2015.v6.83-88

Petrovski, A., & Radovanović, M. (2023). Application of Drones With Artificial Intelligence for Military Purposes. In OTEH (pp. 92–100).

Post, K. (2022). Growing Russia-Iran Ties Present New Dangers. https://www.kyivpost.com/russias-war/growing-russia-iran-ties-present-new-dangers.html

SABALLA, J. O. E. (2022). Turkish Drones Destroy $26M of Russian Military Assets in Three Days. The Defense Post [Daring]. Tersedia Dalam. https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/09/05/turkish-drones-destroy-russian-assets/

Talmadge, C. (2020). Was it risky for the US to take public responsibility for killing Soleimani?" Brookings [Daring]. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/01/07/was-it-risky-for-the-us-to-take-public-responsibility-for-killing-soleimani/

The Observers | de France 24. (2022). Ukrainian soldiers are turning consumer drones into formidable weapons of war," [Daring]. Tersedia dalam https://observers.france24.com/en/europe/20220808-ukraine-russia-modified-commercial-drones-battlefield-donations-weapons

Voskuijl, M. (2022). Performance analysis and design of loitering munitions: A comprehensive technical survey of recent developments. Defence Technology, 18(3), 325–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2021.08.010

Watling, J., & Reynolds, N. (2023). Meatgrinder: Russian Tactics in the Second Year of Its Invasion of Ukraine. Laporan dari Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies.

Week, A. (2016). Loitering Munition Availability Expanding Internationally. https://aviationweek.com/defense/loitering-munition-availability-expanding-internationally

Yulianti, D., Sidik, H., & Mu’min. (2021). International Law Review in the Assassination of General Qasem Soleimani. Indonesian Journal of International Law, 18(4), 571–592. https://doi.org/10.17304/ijil.vol18.4.824

Abstract - Print this article - Indexing metadata - How to cite item - Finding References Review policy - Email this article (Login required) - Email the author (Login required)

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.